1 00:00:11,840 --> 00:00:14,870 basking in its warm rays nature seeks 2 00:00:14,870 --> 00:00:14,880 basking in its warm rays nature seeks 3 00:00:14,880 --> 00:00:33,830 basking in its warm rays nature seeks out the sun's inexhaustible power 4 00:00:33,830 --> 00:00:33,840 5 00:00:33,840 --> 00:00:36,470 this nuclear reactor burns four million 6 00:00:36,470 --> 00:00:36,480 this nuclear reactor burns four million 7 00:00:36,480 --> 00:00:39,350 this nuclear reactor burns four million tons of hydrogen every second creating 8 00:00:39,350 --> 00:00:39,360 tons of hydrogen every second creating 9 00:00:39,360 --> 00:00:44,150 tons of hydrogen every second creating an unmatched source of energy 10 00:00:44,150 --> 00:00:44,160 11 00:00:44,160 --> 00:00:45,910 ancient observers worship the 12 00:00:45,910 --> 00:00:45,920 ancient observers worship the 13 00:00:45,920 --> 00:00:48,549 ancient observers worship the life-giving rays of this day star 14 00:00:48,549 --> 00:00:48,559 life-giving rays of this day star 15 00:00:48,559 --> 00:00:50,790 life-giving rays of this day star modern science has taught us to harness 16 00:00:50,790 --> 00:00:50,800 modern science has taught us to harness 17 00:00:50,800 --> 00:00:53,029 modern science has taught us to harness its power 18 00:00:53,029 --> 00:00:53,039 its power 19 00:00:53,039 --> 00:00:55,510 its power this superstar is essential to life on 20 00:00:55,510 --> 00:00:55,520 this superstar is essential to life on 21 00:00:55,520 --> 00:00:58,229 this superstar is essential to life on earth as well as to one of man's boldest 22 00:00:58,229 --> 00:00:58,239 earth as well as to one of man's boldest 23 00:00:58,239 --> 00:00:59,670 earth as well as to one of man's boldest ventures 24 00:00:59,670 --> 00:00:59,680 ventures 25 00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:09,310 ventures space station freedom 26 00:01:09,310 --> 00:01:09,320 27 00:01:09,320 --> 00:01:11,830 196 000 28 00:01:11,830 --> 00:01:11,840 196 000 29 00:01:11,840 --> 00:01:14,310 196 000 cells will collect energy to power this 30 00:01:14,310 --> 00:01:14,320 cells will collect energy to power this 31 00:01:14,320 --> 00:01:17,510 cells will collect energy to power this laboratory and indeed become the solar 32 00:01:17,510 --> 00:01:17,520 laboratory and indeed become the solar 33 00:01:17,520 --> 00:01:28,870 laboratory and indeed become the solar connection 34 00:01:28,870 --> 00:01:28,880 35 00:01:28,880 --> 00:01:30,950 the united states 36 00:01:30,950 --> 00:01:30,960 the united states 37 00:01:30,960 --> 00:01:32,230 the united states canada 38 00:01:32,230 --> 00:01:32,240 canada 39 00:01:32,240 --> 00:01:33,429 canada japan 40 00:01:33,429 --> 00:01:33,439 japan 41 00:01:33,439 --> 00:01:36,149 japan and the european space agency have come 42 00:01:36,149 --> 00:01:36,159 and the european space agency have come 43 00:01:36,159 --> 00:01:41,670 and the european space agency have come together to build freedom 44 00:01:41,670 --> 00:01:41,680 45 00:01:41,680 --> 00:01:43,910 responsibility for the entire electric 46 00:01:43,910 --> 00:01:43,920 responsibility for the entire electric 47 00:01:43,920 --> 00:01:47,190 responsibility for the entire electric power system known as work package 4 48 00:01:47,190 --> 00:01:47,200 power system known as work package 4 49 00:01:47,200 --> 00:01:49,830 power system known as work package 4 rests in cleveland ohio at the nasa 50 00:01:49,830 --> 00:01:49,840 rests in cleveland ohio at the nasa 51 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:54,870 rests in cleveland ohio at the nasa lewis research center 52 00:01:54,870 --> 00:01:54,880 53 00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:56,950 the power collection system is being 54 00:01:56,950 --> 00:01:56,960 the power collection system is being 55 00:01:56,960 --> 00:01:59,030 the power collection system is being developed by the solar array branch of 56 00:01:59,030 --> 00:01:59,040 developed by the solar array branch of 57 00:01:59,040 --> 00:02:02,469 developed by the solar array branch of the photovoltaic power module division 58 00:02:02,469 --> 00:02:02,479 the photovoltaic power module division 59 00:02:02,479 --> 00:02:06,310 the photovoltaic power module division design of space station began in 1984. 60 00:02:06,310 --> 00:02:06,320 design of space station began in 1984. 61 00:02:06,320 --> 00:02:08,389 design of space station began in 1984. now its pencils down 62 00:02:08,389 --> 00:02:08,399 now its pencils down 63 00:02:08,399 --> 00:02:10,949 now its pencils down time to build and test the actual flight 64 00:02:10,949 --> 00:02:10,959 time to build and test the actual flight 65 00:02:10,959 --> 00:02:12,710 time to build and test the actual flight hardware 66 00:02:12,710 --> 00:02:12,720 hardware 67 00:02:12,720 --> 00:02:15,990 hardware in the summer of 1991 for the first time 68 00:02:15,990 --> 00:02:16,000 in the summer of 1991 for the first time 69 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:17,910 in the summer of 1991 for the first time anywhere in the world 70 00:02:17,910 --> 00:02:17,920 anywhere in the world 71 00:02:17,920 --> 00:02:19,750 anywhere in the world an array of cells and structural 72 00:02:19,750 --> 00:02:19,760 an array of cells and structural 73 00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:22,150 an array of cells and structural components were tested together in the 74 00:02:22,150 --> 00:02:22,160 components were tested together in the 75 00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:24,710 components were tested together in the simulated low earth orbit environment of 76 00:02:24,710 --> 00:02:24,720 simulated low earth orbit environment of 77 00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:27,110 simulated low earth orbit environment of tank 5 in the electric propulsion 78 00:02:27,110 --> 00:02:27,120 tank 5 in the electric propulsion 79 00:02:27,120 --> 00:02:36,470 tank 5 in the electric propulsion laboratory 80 00:02:36,470 --> 00:02:36,480 81 00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:38,710 funding from nasa's office of safety and 82 00:02:38,710 --> 00:02:38,720 funding from nasa's office of safety and 83 00:02:38,720 --> 00:02:41,110 funding from nasa's office of safety and mission quality and the work package 4 84 00:02:41,110 --> 00:02:41,120 mission quality and the work package 4 85 00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:42,550 mission quality and the work package 4 project office 86 00:02:42,550 --> 00:02:42,560 project office 87 00:02:42,560 --> 00:02:45,190 project office allowed engineers to develop and design 88 00:02:45,190 --> 00:02:45,200 allowed engineers to develop and design 89 00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:47,750 allowed engineers to develop and design a high-fidelity plasma generation and 90 00:02:47,750 --> 00:02:47,760 a high-fidelity plasma generation and 91 00:02:47,760 --> 00:02:51,430 a high-fidelity plasma generation and diagnostic system the intent 92 00:02:51,430 --> 00:02:51,440 diagnostic system the intent 93 00:02:51,440 --> 00:02:53,750 diagnostic system the intent to test the electrodynamic reaction 94 00:02:53,750 --> 00:02:53,760 to test the electrodynamic reaction 95 00:02:53,760 --> 00:02:56,150 to test the electrodynamic reaction between the photovoltaic system the 96 00:02:56,150 --> 00:02:56,160 between the photovoltaic system the 97 00:02:56,160 --> 00:03:03,270 between the photovoltaic system the structure and the plasma 98 00:03:03,270 --> 00:03:03,280 99 00:03:03,280 --> 00:03:05,509 a nitrogen cold wall was attached to a 100 00:03:05,509 --> 00:03:05,519 a nitrogen cold wall was attached to a 101 00:03:05,519 --> 00:03:07,830 a nitrogen cold wall was attached to a test fixture to regulate temperature of 102 00:03:07,830 --> 00:03:07,840 test fixture to regulate temperature of 103 00:03:07,840 --> 00:03:09,910 test fixture to regulate temperature of the test article 104 00:03:09,910 --> 00:03:09,920 the test article 105 00:03:09,920 --> 00:03:11,750 the test article the cage design allowed for quick 106 00:03:11,750 --> 00:03:11,760 the cage design allowed for quick 107 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:13,910 the cage design allowed for quick installation and removal of hardware 108 00:03:13,910 --> 00:03:13,920 installation and removal of hardware 109 00:03:13,920 --> 00:03:16,630 installation and removal of hardware from the vacuum tank 110 00:03:16,630 --> 00:03:16,640 from the vacuum tank 111 00:03:16,640 --> 00:03:20,790 from the vacuum tank a light bank of 252 ded lamps was built 112 00:03:20,790 --> 00:03:20,800 a light bank of 252 ded lamps was built 113 00:03:20,800 --> 00:03:23,030 a light bank of 252 ded lamps was built to provide illumination equal to 114 00:03:23,030 --> 00:03:23,040 to provide illumination equal to 115 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:26,630 to provide illumination equal to one-third of the sun's intensity 116 00:03:26,630 --> 00:03:26,640 one-third of the sun's intensity 117 00:03:26,640 --> 00:03:28,470 one-third of the sun's intensity spherical probes measured the current 118 00:03:28,470 --> 00:03:28,480 spherical probes measured the current 119 00:03:28,480 --> 00:03:30,710 spherical probes measured the current voltage profile to determine plasma 120 00:03:30,710 --> 00:03:30,720 voltage profile to determine plasma 121 00:03:30,720 --> 00:03:32,710 voltage profile to determine plasma density 122 00:03:32,710 --> 00:03:32,720 density 123 00:03:32,720 --> 00:03:35,509 density in preparation for the test an engineer 124 00:03:35,509 --> 00:03:35,519 in preparation for the test an engineer 125 00:03:35,519 --> 00:03:37,589 in preparation for the test an engineer checks to ensure that illumination is 126 00:03:37,589 --> 00:03:37,599 checks to ensure that illumination is 127 00:03:37,599 --> 00:03:41,190 checks to ensure that illumination is falling evenly on each solar cell 128 00:03:41,190 --> 00:03:41,200 falling evenly on each solar cell 129 00:03:41,200 --> 00:03:43,830 falling evenly on each solar cell the cells eight millimeters thick and 130 00:03:43,830 --> 00:03:43,840 the cells eight millimeters thick and 131 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:46,789 the cells eight millimeters thick and eight centimeters square are the largest 132 00:03:46,789 --> 00:03:46,799 eight centimeters square are the largest 133 00:03:46,799 --> 00:03:49,990 eight centimeters square are the largest ever used in space 134 00:03:49,990 --> 00:03:50,000 135 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:51,910 the cells are welded to a flexible 136 00:03:51,910 --> 00:03:51,920 the cells are welded to a flexible 137 00:03:51,920 --> 00:03:54,149 the cells are welded to a flexible printed circuit which is insulated from 138 00:03:54,149 --> 00:03:54,159 printed circuit which is insulated from 139 00:03:54,159 --> 00:03:56,869 printed circuit which is insulated from the outside environment the cell edges 140 00:03:56,869 --> 00:03:56,879 the outside environment the cell edges 141 00:03:56,879 --> 00:04:01,110 the outside environment the cell edges remain exposed 142 00:04:01,110 --> 00:04:01,120 143 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:03,589 sixteen thousand four hundred individual 144 00:04:03,589 --> 00:04:03,599 sixteen thousand four hundred individual 145 00:04:03,599 --> 00:04:05,990 sixteen thousand four hundred individual cells are grouped into blankets one 146 00:04:05,990 --> 00:04:06,000 cells are grouped into blankets one 147 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:08,390 cells are grouped into blankets one hundred ten feet long by fifteen feet 148 00:04:08,390 --> 00:04:08,400 hundred ten feet long by fifteen feet 149 00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:09,429 hundred ten feet long by fifteen feet wide 150 00:04:09,429 --> 00:04:09,439 wide 151 00:04:09,439 --> 00:04:11,270 wide each blanket is protected by and 152 00:04:11,270 --> 00:04:11,280 each blanket is protected by and 153 00:04:11,280 --> 00:04:14,390 each blanket is protected by and deployed from a blanket box 154 00:04:14,390 --> 00:04:14,400 deployed from a blanket box 155 00:04:14,400 --> 00:04:16,390 deployed from a blanket box underwater testing was conducted by 156 00:04:16,390 --> 00:04:16,400 underwater testing was conducted by 157 00:04:16,400 --> 00:04:19,430 underwater testing was conducted by lockheed corporation aiding engineers in 158 00:04:19,430 --> 00:04:19,440 lockheed corporation aiding engineers in 159 00:04:19,440 --> 00:04:21,189 lockheed corporation aiding engineers in improving deployment techniques of the 160 00:04:21,189 --> 00:04:21,199 improving deployment techniques of the 161 00:04:21,199 --> 00:04:24,629 improving deployment techniques of the blanket box 162 00:04:24,629 --> 00:04:24,639 163 00:04:24,639 --> 00:04:27,110 from the beginning of life on earth and 164 00:04:27,110 --> 00:04:27,120 from the beginning of life on earth and 165 00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:28,469 from the beginning of life on earth and now in space 166 00:04:28,469 --> 00:04:28,479 now in space 167 00:04:28,479 --> 00:04:31,749 now in space nature has relied on the sun 168 00:04:31,749 --> 00:04:31,759 nature has relied on the sun 169 00:04:31,759 --> 00:04:34,469 nature has relied on the sun these sunflower seedlings track the sun 170 00:04:34,469 --> 00:04:34,479 these sunflower seedlings track the sun 171 00:04:34,479 --> 00:04:37,749 these sunflower seedlings track the sun morning till night 172 00:04:37,749 --> 00:04:37,759 173 00:04:37,759 --> 00:04:41,270 technology imitates nature 174 00:04:41,270 --> 00:04:41,280 technology imitates nature 175 00:04:41,280 --> 00:04:43,350 technology imitates nature once freedom's wings are attached to the 176 00:04:43,350 --> 00:04:43,360 once freedom's wings are attached to the 177 00:04:43,360 --> 00:04:46,230 once freedom's wings are attached to the truss alpha and beta gimbals will enable 178 00:04:46,230 --> 00:04:46,240 truss alpha and beta gimbals will enable 179 00:04:46,240 --> 00:04:48,870 truss alpha and beta gimbals will enable them to track the sun during orbit 180 00:04:48,870 --> 00:04:48,880 them to track the sun during orbit 181 00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:51,350 them to track the sun during orbit 60 minutes in sunlight and 30 minutes in 182 00:04:51,350 --> 00:04:51,360 60 minutes in sunlight and 30 minutes in 183 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:53,510 60 minutes in sunlight and 30 minutes in eclipse 184 00:04:53,510 --> 00:04:53,520 eclipse 185 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:55,909 eclipse while in sunlight the six wings will 186 00:04:55,909 --> 00:04:55,919 while in sunlight the six wings will 187 00:04:55,919 --> 00:04:58,310 while in sunlight the six wings will collect light and convert it directly to 188 00:04:58,310 --> 00:04:58,320 collect light and convert it directly to 189 00:04:58,320 --> 00:05:00,230 collect light and convert it directly to electric current 190 00:05:00,230 --> 00:05:00,240 electric current 191 00:05:00,240 --> 00:05:03,590 electric current at the same time 304 nickel hydrogen 192 00:05:03,590 --> 00:05:03,600 at the same time 304 nickel hydrogen 193 00:05:03,600 --> 00:05:06,070 at the same time 304 nickel hydrogen battery cells will be charged to provide 194 00:05:06,070 --> 00:05:06,080 battery cells will be charged to provide 195 00:05:06,080 --> 00:05:10,230 battery cells will be charged to provide power while freedom is in earth shade 196 00:05:10,230 --> 00:05:10,240 power while freedom is in earth shade 197 00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:12,870 power while freedom is in earth shade up and energized the solar arrays will 198 00:05:12,870 --> 00:05:12,880 up and energized the solar arrays will 199 00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:15,510 up and energized the solar arrays will supply more than 56 kilowatts of 200 00:05:15,510 --> 00:05:15,520 supply more than 56 kilowatts of 201 00:05:15,520 --> 00:05:18,150 supply more than 56 kilowatts of condition power to the user 202 00:05:18,150 --> 00:05:18,160 condition power to the user 203 00:05:18,160 --> 00:05:22,150 condition power to the user the most power ever used in space 204 00:05:22,150 --> 00:05:22,160 the most power ever used in space 205 00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:24,469 the most power ever used in space solar energy will supply power for 206 00:05:24,469 --> 00:05:24,479 solar energy will supply power for 207 00:05:24,479 --> 00:05:26,629 solar energy will supply power for experiments 208 00:05:26,629 --> 00:05:26,639 experiments 209 00:05:26,639 --> 00:05:29,029 experiments research projects 210 00:05:29,029 --> 00:05:29,039 research projects 211 00:05:29,039 --> 00:05:31,270 research projects housekeeping functions 212 00:05:31,270 --> 00:05:31,280 housekeeping functions 213 00:05:31,280 --> 00:05:34,150 housekeeping functions and life support systems 214 00:05:34,150 --> 00:05:34,160 and life support systems 215 00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:36,469 and life support systems however these can come crashing to a 216 00:05:36,469 --> 00:05:36,479 however these can come crashing to a 217 00:05:36,479 --> 00:05:40,310 however these can come crashing to a halt in the harsh environment of space 218 00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:40,320 halt in the harsh environment of space 219 00:05:40,320 --> 00:05:42,390 halt in the harsh environment of space micrometeors can damage freedom 220 00:05:42,390 --> 00:05:42,400 micrometeors can damage freedom 221 00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:43,749 micrometeors can damage freedom structure 222 00:05:43,749 --> 00:05:43,759 structure 223 00:05:43,759 --> 00:05:46,710 structure contamination can degrade its power 224 00:05:46,710 --> 00:05:46,720 contamination can degrade its power 225 00:05:46,720 --> 00:05:49,990 contamination can degrade its power and an invisible gas known as plasma can 226 00:05:49,990 --> 00:05:50,000 and an invisible gas known as plasma can 227 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:50,830 and an invisible gas known as plasma can cause 228 00:05:50,830 --> 00:05:50,840 cause 229 00:05:50,840 --> 00:05:54,469 cause arcing why is that a threat 230 00:05:54,469 --> 00:05:54,479 arcing why is that a threat 231 00:05:54,479 --> 00:05:56,629 arcing why is that a threat the potential effects of such arcing was 232 00:05:56,629 --> 00:05:56,639 the potential effects of such arcing was 233 00:05:56,639 --> 00:05:58,950 the potential effects of such arcing was studied by the photovoltaic power module 234 00:05:58,950 --> 00:05:58,960 studied by the photovoltaic power module 235 00:05:58,960 --> 00:06:01,189 studied by the photovoltaic power module division 236 00:06:01,189 --> 00:06:01,199 division 237 00:06:01,199 --> 00:06:04,629 division project manager marion felder 238 00:06:04,629 --> 00:06:04,639 project manager marion felder 239 00:06:04,639 --> 00:06:06,790 project manager marion felder the threat that plasma poses to the 240 00:06:06,790 --> 00:06:06,800 the threat that plasma poses to the 241 00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:09,189 the threat that plasma poses to the space station freedom was examined here 242 00:06:09,189 --> 00:06:09,199 space station freedom was examined here 243 00:06:09,199 --> 00:06:11,909 space station freedom was examined here in tank 5 during the plasma interactions 244 00:06:11,909 --> 00:06:11,919 in tank 5 during the plasma interactions 245 00:06:11,919 --> 00:06:14,550 in tank 5 during the plasma interactions test the objectives of this test were to 246 00:06:14,550 --> 00:06:14,560 test the objectives of this test were to 247 00:06:14,560 --> 00:06:17,110 test the objectives of this test were to investigate on a systems level the 248 00:06:17,110 --> 00:06:17,120 investigate on a systems level the 249 00:06:17,120 --> 00:06:19,029 investigate on a systems level the possibly detrimental effects of the 250 00:06:19,029 --> 00:06:19,039 possibly detrimental effects of the 251 00:06:19,039 --> 00:06:22,070 possibly detrimental effects of the space plasma on the photovoltaic system 252 00:06:22,070 --> 00:06:22,080 space plasma on the photovoltaic system 253 00:06:22,080 --> 00:06:23,909 space plasma on the photovoltaic system as well as on the structures that make 254 00:06:23,909 --> 00:06:23,919 as well as on the structures that make 255 00:06:23,919 --> 00:06:25,830 as well as on the structures that make up space station freedom 256 00:06:25,830 --> 00:06:25,840 up space station freedom 257 00:06:25,840 --> 00:06:28,390 up space station freedom we also wanted to investigate the 258 00:06:28,390 --> 00:06:28,400 we also wanted to investigate the 259 00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:30,710 we also wanted to investigate the effectiveness of a possible mitigation 260 00:06:30,710 --> 00:06:30,720 effectiveness of a possible mitigation 261 00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:33,830 effectiveness of a possible mitigation strategy that is a plasma contactor for 262 00:06:33,830 --> 00:06:33,840 strategy that is a plasma contactor for 263 00:06:33,840 --> 00:06:36,710 strategy that is a plasma contactor for hardware we used two fully populated 264 00:06:36,710 --> 00:06:36,720 hardware we used two fully populated 265 00:06:36,720 --> 00:06:39,270 hardware we used two fully populated photovoltaic panels in combination with 266 00:06:39,270 --> 00:06:39,280 photovoltaic panels in combination with 267 00:06:39,280 --> 00:06:41,909 photovoltaic panels in combination with a variety of anodized aluminum 268 00:06:41,909 --> 00:06:41,919 a variety of anodized aluminum 269 00:06:41,919 --> 00:06:43,830 a variety of anodized aluminum structures which were there to simulate 270 00:06:43,830 --> 00:06:43,840 structures which were there to simulate 271 00:06:43,840 --> 00:06:45,909 structures which were there to simulate various structures on the space station 272 00:06:45,909 --> 00:06:45,919 various structures on the space station 273 00:06:45,919 --> 00:06:47,029 various structures on the space station freedom 274 00:06:47,029 --> 00:06:47,039 freedom 275 00:06:47,039 --> 00:06:49,029 freedom the solar ray circuit that we had was 276 00:06:49,029 --> 00:06:49,039 the solar ray circuit that we had was 277 00:06:49,039 --> 00:06:51,590 the solar ray circuit that we had was capable of generating 160 volts at 278 00:06:51,590 --> 00:06:51,600 capable of generating 160 volts at 279 00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:53,990 capable of generating 160 volts at almost one amp under test illumination 280 00:06:53,990 --> 00:06:54,000 almost one amp under test illumination 281 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:56,950 almost one amp under test illumination conditions we used the voltage that was 282 00:06:56,950 --> 00:06:56,960 conditions we used the voltage that was 283 00:06:56,960 --> 00:07:00,070 conditions we used the voltage that was generated on the solar array to drive 284 00:07:00,070 --> 00:07:00,080 generated on the solar array to drive 285 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:03,029 generated on the solar array to drive the potential of the aluminum piece to a 286 00:07:03,029 --> 00:07:03,039 the potential of the aluminum piece to a 287 00:07:03,039 --> 00:07:05,029 the potential of the aluminum piece to a voltage that would be quite close to 288 00:07:05,029 --> 00:07:05,039 voltage that would be quite close to 289 00:07:05,039 --> 00:07:08,070 voltage that would be quite close to what it would be seeing when on orbit 290 00:07:08,070 --> 00:07:08,080 what it would be seeing when on orbit 291 00:07:08,080 --> 00:07:10,309 what it would be seeing when on orbit the combination of the largest aluminum 292 00:07:10,309 --> 00:07:10,319 the combination of the largest aluminum 293 00:07:10,319 --> 00:07:13,430 the combination of the largest aluminum panels and the photovoltaic circuit was 294 00:07:13,430 --> 00:07:13,440 panels and the photovoltaic circuit was 295 00:07:13,440 --> 00:07:15,749 panels and the photovoltaic circuit was approximately one four hundred ninety 296 00:07:15,749 --> 00:07:15,759 approximately one four hundred ninety 297 00:07:15,759 --> 00:07:18,469 approximately one four hundred ninety the scale of the space station freedom 298 00:07:18,469 --> 00:07:18,479 the scale of the space station freedom 299 00:07:18,479 --> 00:07:20,790 the scale of the space station freedom and therefore allowed us to get the very 300 00:07:20,790 --> 00:07:20,800 and therefore allowed us to get the very 301 00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:23,350 and therefore allowed us to get the very first large-scale test of plasma 302 00:07:23,350 --> 00:07:23,360 first large-scale test of plasma 303 00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:25,670 first large-scale test of plasma environment interactions with space 304 00:07:25,670 --> 00:07:25,680 environment interactions with space 305 00:07:25,680 --> 00:07:28,950 environment interactions with space station type hardware 306 00:07:28,950 --> 00:07:28,960 station type hardware 307 00:07:28,960 --> 00:07:31,749 station type hardware our data capture system was designed to 308 00:07:31,749 --> 00:07:31,759 our data capture system was designed to 309 00:07:31,759 --> 00:07:34,070 our data capture system was designed to return information in three specific 310 00:07:34,070 --> 00:07:34,080 return information in three specific 311 00:07:34,080 --> 00:07:36,950 return information in three specific areas current collection floating 312 00:07:36,950 --> 00:07:36,960 areas current collection floating 313 00:07:36,960 --> 00:07:39,830 areas current collection floating potential and arc transients as well as 314 00:07:39,830 --> 00:07:39,840 potential and arc transients as well as 315 00:07:39,840 --> 00:07:41,350 potential and arc transients as well as to give us information on key 316 00:07:41,350 --> 00:07:41,360 to give us information on key 317 00:07:41,360 --> 00:07:42,950 to give us information on key environmental parameters like 318 00:07:42,950 --> 00:07:42,960 environmental parameters like 319 00:07:42,960 --> 00:07:45,749 environmental parameters like temperatures and the plasma potential 320 00:07:45,749 --> 00:07:45,759 temperatures and the plasma potential 321 00:07:45,759 --> 00:07:47,909 temperatures and the plasma potential concern for the possible detrimental 322 00:07:47,909 --> 00:07:47,919 concern for the possible detrimental 323 00:07:47,919 --> 00:07:50,390 concern for the possible detrimental effects of arcing on the space station 324 00:07:50,390 --> 00:07:50,400 effects of arcing on the space station 325 00:07:50,400 --> 00:07:52,550 effects of arcing on the space station freedom led us to plan and conduct this 326 00:07:52,550 --> 00:07:52,560 freedom led us to plan and conduct this 327 00:07:52,560 --> 00:07:54,950 freedom led us to plan and conduct this plasma interactions test 328 00:07:54,950 --> 00:07:54,960 plasma interactions test 329 00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:57,350 plasma interactions test so that the program office could assess 330 00:07:57,350 --> 00:07:57,360 so that the program office could assess 331 00:07:57,360 --> 00:07:59,430 so that the program office could assess the risks and develop engineering 332 00:07:59,430 --> 00:07:59,440 the risks and develop engineering 333 00:07:59,440 --> 00:08:00,869 the risks and develop engineering solutions 334 00:08:00,869 --> 00:08:00,879 solutions 335 00:08:00,879 --> 00:08:03,110 solutions we look to the space environment's 336 00:08:03,110 --> 00:08:03,120 we look to the space environment's 337 00:08:03,120 --> 00:08:05,270 we look to the space environment's effects branch here at lewis for a more 338 00:08:05,270 --> 00:08:05,280 effects branch here at lewis for a more 339 00:08:05,280 --> 00:08:07,430 effects branch here at lewis for a more detailed description of the low-earth 340 00:08:07,430 --> 00:08:07,440 detailed description of the low-earth 341 00:08:07,440 --> 00:08:09,589 detailed description of the low-earth orbit plasma environment and its 342 00:08:09,589 --> 00:08:09,599 orbit plasma environment and its 343 00:08:09,599 --> 00:08:13,510 orbit plasma environment and its potential impacts 344 00:08:13,510 --> 00:08:13,520 345 00:08:13,520 --> 00:08:16,070 contrary to popular belief space station 346 00:08:16,070 --> 00:08:16,080 contrary to popular belief space station 347 00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:18,869 contrary to popular belief space station freedom will be orbiting not in empty 348 00:08:18,869 --> 00:08:18,879 freedom will be orbiting not in empty 349 00:08:18,879 --> 00:08:21,110 freedom will be orbiting not in empty space but in the upper reaches of the 350 00:08:21,110 --> 00:08:21,120 space but in the upper reaches of the 351 00:08:21,120 --> 00:08:23,749 space but in the upper reaches of the earth's atmosphere the upper reaches of 352 00:08:23,749 --> 00:08:23,759 earth's atmosphere the upper reaches of 353 00:08:23,759 --> 00:08:26,550 earth's atmosphere the upper reaches of the atmosphere are mainly atomic oxygen 354 00:08:26,550 --> 00:08:26,560 the atmosphere are mainly atomic oxygen 355 00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:29,029 the atmosphere are mainly atomic oxygen and this atomic oxygen gets ionized by 356 00:08:29,029 --> 00:08:29,039 and this atomic oxygen gets ionized by 357 00:08:29,039 --> 00:08:31,749 and this atomic oxygen gets ionized by the ultraviolet radiation from the sun 358 00:08:31,749 --> 00:08:31,759 the ultraviolet radiation from the sun 359 00:08:31,759 --> 00:08:36,310 the ultraviolet radiation from the sun ultraviolet radiation splits the atomic 360 00:08:36,310 --> 00:08:36,320 ultraviolet radiation splits the atomic 361 00:08:36,320 --> 00:08:39,750 ultraviolet radiation splits the atomic oxygen atoms up into an ion and electron 362 00:08:39,750 --> 00:08:39,760 oxygen atoms up into an ion and electron 363 00:08:39,760 --> 00:08:42,230 oxygen atoms up into an ion and electron and in the altitudes the space station 364 00:08:42,230 --> 00:08:42,240 and in the altitudes the space station 365 00:08:42,240 --> 00:08:43,750 and in the altitudes the space station will be flying there will be something 366 00:08:43,750 --> 00:08:43,760 will be flying there will be something 367 00:08:43,760 --> 00:08:46,389 will be flying there will be something like a million electrons and ions per 368 00:08:46,389 --> 00:08:46,399 like a million electrons and ions per 369 00:08:46,399 --> 00:08:48,389 like a million electrons and ions per cubic centimeter 370 00:08:48,389 --> 00:08:48,399 cubic centimeter 371 00:08:48,399 --> 00:08:50,150 cubic centimeter that is flying through 372 00:08:50,150 --> 00:08:50,160 that is flying through 373 00:08:50,160 --> 00:08:53,670 that is flying through this space plasma as we call it is is 374 00:08:53,670 --> 00:08:53,680 this space plasma as we call it is is 375 00:08:53,680 --> 00:08:55,110 this space plasma as we call it is is going to be important in terms of 376 00:08:55,110 --> 00:08:55,120 going to be important in terms of 377 00:08:55,120 --> 00:08:57,269 going to be important in terms of interactions between the space station 378 00:08:57,269 --> 00:08:57,279 interactions between the space station 379 00:08:57,279 --> 00:08:59,269 interactions between the space station and its surroundings 380 00:08:59,269 --> 00:08:59,279 and its surroundings 381 00:08:59,279 --> 00:09:01,430 and its surroundings first of all what what will happen if 382 00:09:01,430 --> 00:09:01,440 first of all what what will happen if 383 00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:04,310 first of all what what will happen if the arcing does occur 384 00:09:04,310 --> 00:09:04,320 the arcing does occur 385 00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:07,590 the arcing does occur one of the things is it can 386 00:09:07,590 --> 00:09:07,600 one of the things is it can 387 00:09:07,600 --> 00:09:10,470 one of the things is it can cause tiny holes in the anodized surface 388 00:09:10,470 --> 00:09:10,480 cause tiny holes in the anodized surface 389 00:09:10,480 --> 00:09:12,870 cause tiny holes in the anodized surface and change its properties in particular 390 00:09:12,870 --> 00:09:12,880 and change its properties in particular 391 00:09:12,880 --> 00:09:14,550 and change its properties in particular could change the thermal properties of 392 00:09:14,550 --> 00:09:14,560 could change the thermal properties of 393 00:09:14,560 --> 00:09:17,269 could change the thermal properties of the surface so that it wouldn't maintain 394 00:09:17,269 --> 00:09:17,279 the surface so that it wouldn't maintain 395 00:09:17,279 --> 00:09:19,990 the surface so that it wouldn't maintain the right temperature 396 00:09:19,990 --> 00:09:20,000 the right temperature 397 00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:21,910 the right temperature in addition the material that comes off 398 00:09:21,910 --> 00:09:21,920 in addition the material that comes off 399 00:09:21,920 --> 00:09:23,670 in addition the material that comes off during these arcs 400 00:09:23,670 --> 00:09:23,680 during these arcs 401 00:09:23,680 --> 00:09:25,990 during these arcs will deposit somewhere else on the space 402 00:09:25,990 --> 00:09:26,000 will deposit somewhere else on the space 403 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:28,230 will deposit somewhere else on the space station the solution to the possible 404 00:09:28,230 --> 00:09:28,240 station the solution to the possible 405 00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:30,949 station the solution to the possible arcing problem on space station we think 406 00:09:30,949 --> 00:09:30,959 arcing problem on space station we think 407 00:09:30,959 --> 00:09:34,870 arcing problem on space station we think is a device called the plasma contactor 408 00:09:34,870 --> 00:09:34,880 is a device called the plasma contactor 409 00:09:34,880 --> 00:09:36,949 is a device called the plasma contactor mike patterson of the space propulsion 410 00:09:36,949 --> 00:09:36,959 mike patterson of the space propulsion 411 00:09:36,959 --> 00:09:39,590 mike patterson of the space propulsion technology division explains his group's 412 00:09:39,590 --> 00:09:39,600 technology division explains his group's 413 00:09:39,600 --> 00:09:42,310 technology division explains his group's involvement with the test here at nasa 414 00:09:42,310 --> 00:09:42,320 involvement with the test here at nasa 415 00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:45,509 involvement with the test here at nasa lewis at the epl facility tank 5 our 416 00:09:45,509 --> 00:09:45,519 lewis at the epl facility tank 5 our 417 00:09:45,519 --> 00:09:47,829 lewis at the epl facility tank 5 our organization provided support for the 418 00:09:47,829 --> 00:09:47,839 organization provided support for the 419 00:09:47,839 --> 00:09:49,750 organization provided support for the plasma interactions test for the space 420 00:09:49,750 --> 00:09:49,760 plasma interactions test for the space 421 00:09:49,760 --> 00:09:51,990 plasma interactions test for the space station freedom solar array one of the 422 00:09:51,990 --> 00:09:52,000 station freedom solar array one of the 423 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:54,150 station freedom solar array one of the critical aspects of conducting that 424 00:09:54,150 --> 00:09:54,160 critical aspects of conducting that 425 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:56,389 critical aspects of conducting that experiment was to provide a simulation 426 00:09:56,389 --> 00:09:56,399 experiment was to provide a simulation 427 00:09:56,399 --> 00:09:58,470 experiment was to provide a simulation of the low earth orbit space plasma 428 00:09:58,470 --> 00:09:58,480 of the low earth orbit space plasma 429 00:09:58,480 --> 00:10:01,190 of the low earth orbit space plasma environment and to do that we provided 430 00:10:01,190 --> 00:10:01,200 environment and to do that we provided 431 00:10:01,200 --> 00:10:04,389 environment and to do that we provided holic acid plasma sources to generate a 432 00:10:04,389 --> 00:10:04,399 holic acid plasma sources to generate a 433 00:10:04,399 --> 00:10:06,710 holic acid plasma sources to generate a quiescent low density low electron 434 00:10:06,710 --> 00:10:06,720 quiescent low density low electron 435 00:10:06,720 --> 00:10:09,110 quiescent low density low electron temperature space plasma environment we 436 00:10:09,110 --> 00:10:09,120 temperature space plasma environment we 437 00:10:09,120 --> 00:10:11,030 temperature space plasma environment we used a number of hollow cathode plasma 438 00:10:11,030 --> 00:10:11,040 used a number of hollow cathode plasma 439 00:10:11,040 --> 00:10:12,870 used a number of hollow cathode plasma source devices 440 00:10:12,870 --> 00:10:12,880 source devices 441 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:15,350 source devices optimized for operation to provide a low 442 00:10:15,350 --> 00:10:15,360 optimized for operation to provide a low 443 00:10:15,360 --> 00:10:17,590 optimized for operation to provide a low electron temperature and a very uniform 444 00:10:17,590 --> 00:10:17,600 electron temperature and a very uniform 445 00:10:17,600 --> 00:10:20,230 electron temperature and a very uniform plasma to engulf the solar array to 446 00:10:20,230 --> 00:10:20,240 plasma to engulf the solar array to 447 00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:23,430 plasma to engulf the solar array to simulate the low earth orbit environment 448 00:10:23,430 --> 00:10:23,440 simulate the low earth orbit environment 449 00:10:23,440 --> 00:10:25,350 simulate the low earth orbit environment the plasma contactors have been 450 00:10:25,350 --> 00:10:25,360 the plasma contactors have been 451 00:10:25,360 --> 00:10:28,150 the plasma contactors have been developed previously for specific 452 00:10:28,150 --> 00:10:28,160 developed previously for specific 453 00:10:28,160 --> 00:10:29,910 developed previously for specific mission applications on specific 454 00:10:29,910 --> 00:10:29,920 mission applications on specific 455 00:10:29,920 --> 00:10:32,230 mission applications on specific spacecraft primarily for science this is 456 00:10:32,230 --> 00:10:32,240 spacecraft primarily for science this is 457 00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:34,150 spacecraft primarily for science this is really the first time that the plasma 458 00:10:34,150 --> 00:10:34,160 really the first time that the plasma 459 00:10:34,160 --> 00:10:35,910 really the first time that the plasma contactor is going to be used as a 460 00:10:35,910 --> 00:10:35,920 contactor is going to be used as a 461 00:10:35,920 --> 00:10:39,670 contactor is going to be used as a utility as a technology to ensure that 462 00:10:39,670 --> 00:10:39,680 utility as a technology to ensure that 463 00:10:39,680 --> 00:10:41,990 utility as a technology to ensure that the spacecraft can perform its function 464 00:10:41,990 --> 00:10:42,000 the spacecraft can perform its function 465 00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:43,829 the spacecraft can perform its function as it turns out it's a vital component 466 00:10:43,829 --> 00:10:43,839 as it turns out it's a vital component 467 00:10:43,839 --> 00:10:45,190 as it turns out it's a vital component it will be a vital component of the 468 00:10:45,190 --> 00:10:45,200 it will be a vital component of the 469 00:10:45,200 --> 00:10:46,949 it will be a vital component of the power system aboard space station and 470 00:10:46,949 --> 00:10:46,959 power system aboard space station and 471 00:10:46,959 --> 00:10:48,710 power system aboard space station and it's critical for space station 472 00:10:48,710 --> 00:10:48,720 it's critical for space station 473 00:10:48,720 --> 00:10:49,910 it's critical for space station operations 474 00:10:49,910 --> 00:10:49,920 operations 475 00:10:49,920 --> 00:10:52,389 operations so in that in that context it's the 476 00:10:52,389 --> 00:10:52,399 so in that in that context it's the 477 00:10:52,399 --> 00:10:53,910 so in that in that context it's the first time that the technology has 478 00:10:53,910 --> 00:10:53,920 first time that the technology has 479 00:10:53,920 --> 00:10:55,590 first time that the technology has really been utilized and it's not a 480 00:10:55,590 --> 00:10:55,600 really been utilized and it's not a 481 00:10:55,600 --> 00:10:57,590 really been utilized and it's not a demonstration of the technology it's 482 00:10:57,590 --> 00:10:57,600 demonstration of the technology it's 483 00:10:57,600 --> 00:11:00,150 demonstration of the technology it's there to perform a specific function the 484 00:11:00,150 --> 00:11:00,160 there to perform a specific function the 485 00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:02,150 there to perform a specific function the demanding requirements for the plasma 486 00:11:02,150 --> 00:11:02,160 demanding requirements for the plasma 487 00:11:02,160 --> 00:11:03,990 demanding requirements for the plasma contactor system for space station 488 00:11:03,990 --> 00:11:04,000 contactor system for space station 489 00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:07,430 contactor system for space station freedom uh require us to uh 490 00:11:07,430 --> 00:11:07,440 freedom uh require us to uh 491 00:11:07,440 --> 00:11:08,949 freedom uh require us to uh do everything we can to push the 492 00:11:08,949 --> 00:11:08,959 do everything we can to push the 493 00:11:08,959 --> 00:11:10,870 do everything we can to push the holocaustic technology that we presently 494 00:11:10,870 --> 00:11:10,880 holocaustic technology that we presently 495 00:11:10,880 --> 00:11:11,750 holocaustic technology that we presently have 496 00:11:11,750 --> 00:11:11,760 have 497 00:11:11,760 --> 00:11:15,030 have and uh that's a a real challenge for us 498 00:11:15,030 --> 00:11:15,040 and uh that's a a real challenge for us 499 00:11:15,040 --> 00:11:17,910 and uh that's a a real challenge for us but we'll be able to deliver on that 500 00:11:17,910 --> 00:11:17,920 but we'll be able to deliver on that 501 00:11:17,920 --> 00:11:19,590 but we'll be able to deliver on that one of the important space flight 502 00:11:19,590 --> 00:11:19,600 one of the important space flight 503 00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:22,470 one of the important space flight experiments for space station is 504 00:11:22,470 --> 00:11:22,480 experiments for space station is 505 00:11:22,480 --> 00:11:24,470 experiments for space station is what we call sampy 506 00:11:24,470 --> 00:11:24,480 what we call sampy 507 00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:25,590 what we call sampy that's 508 00:11:25,590 --> 00:11:25,600 that's 509 00:11:25,600 --> 00:11:28,550 that's solar array module plasma interaction 510 00:11:28,550 --> 00:11:28,560 solar array module plasma interaction 511 00:11:28,560 --> 00:11:29,990 solar array module plasma interaction experiment 512 00:11:29,990 --> 00:11:30,000 experiment 513 00:11:30,000 --> 00:11:31,590 experiment that's an experiment that's being built 514 00:11:31,590 --> 00:11:31,600 that's an experiment that's being built 515 00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:33,030 that's an experiment that's being built here at lewis 516 00:11:33,030 --> 00:11:33,040 here at lewis 517 00:11:33,040 --> 00:11:35,190 here at lewis it's going to be flown on the space 518 00:11:35,190 --> 00:11:35,200 it's going to be flown on the space 519 00:11:35,200 --> 00:11:37,590 it's going to be flown on the space shuttle in the year 1994 520 00:11:37,590 --> 00:11:37,600 shuttle in the year 1994 521 00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:40,310 shuttle in the year 1994 and it's being built right now hopefully 522 00:11:40,310 --> 00:11:40,320 and it's being built right now hopefully 523 00:11:40,320 --> 00:11:42,470 and it's being built right now hopefully when it flies we'll have confirmation 524 00:11:42,470 --> 00:11:42,480 when it flies we'll have confirmation 525 00:11:42,480 --> 00:11:46,790 when it flies we'll have confirmation that our ideas are correct 526 00:11:46,790 --> 00:11:46,800 527 00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:49,190 in a room much like this lewis will 528 00:11:49,190 --> 00:11:49,200 in a room much like this lewis will 529 00:11:49,200 --> 00:11:51,030 in a room much like this lewis will monitor the performance of the space 530 00:11:51,030 --> 00:11:51,040 monitor the performance of the space 531 00:11:51,040 --> 00:11:53,190 monitor the performance of the space station's electric power system once on 532 00:11:53,190 --> 00:11:53,200 station's electric power system once on 533 00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:54,550 station's electric power system once on orbit 534 00:11:54,550 --> 00:11:54,560 orbit 535 00:11:54,560 --> 00:11:56,389 orbit personal computers such as these are 536 00:11:56,389 --> 00:11:56,399 personal computers such as these are 537 00:11:56,399 --> 00:11:59,190 personal computers such as these are used daily to design systems and conduct 538 00:11:59,190 --> 00:11:59,200 used daily to design systems and conduct 539 00:11:59,200 --> 00:12:01,590 used daily to design systems and conduct analyses to verify characteristics of 540 00:12:01,590 --> 00:12:01,600 analyses to verify characteristics of 541 00:12:01,600 --> 00:12:03,670 analyses to verify characteristics of space station freedom 542 00:12:03,670 --> 00:12:03,680 space station freedom 543 00:12:03,680 --> 00:12:06,069 space station freedom soon computers will be used to run the 544 00:12:06,069 --> 00:12:06,079 soon computers will be used to run the 545 00:12:06,079 --> 00:12:08,550 soon computers will be used to run the machines that fabricate the various 546 00:12:08,550 --> 00:12:08,560 machines that fabricate the various 547 00:12:08,560 --> 00:12:10,230 machines that fabricate the various components 548 00:12:10,230 --> 00:12:10,240 components 549 00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:12,790 components along with sampi work package 4 plans to 550 00:12:12,790 --> 00:12:12,800 along with sampi work package 4 plans to 551 00:12:12,800 --> 00:12:14,790 along with sampi work package 4 plans to conduct a qualification type plasma 552 00:12:14,790 --> 00:12:14,800 conduct a qualification type plasma 553 00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:16,949 conduct a qualification type plasma interactions test with a flight design 554 00:12:16,949 --> 00:12:16,959 interactions test with a flight design 555 00:12:16,959 --> 00:12:19,190 interactions test with a flight design solar array circuit to confirm the 556 00:12:19,190 --> 00:12:19,200 solar array circuit to confirm the 557 00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:21,430 solar array circuit to confirm the operational characteristics of the solar 558 00:12:21,430 --> 00:12:21,440 operational characteristics of the solar 559 00:12:21,440 --> 00:12:23,190 operational characteristics of the solar arrays in plasma 560 00:12:23,190 --> 00:12:23,200 arrays in plasma 561 00:12:23,200 --> 00:12:25,509 arrays in plasma work package 4 also plans to take 562 00:12:25,509 --> 00:12:25,519 work package 4 also plans to take 563 00:12:25,519 --> 00:12:27,509 work package 4 also plans to take advantage of other space flight 564 00:12:27,509 --> 00:12:27,519 advantage of other space flight 565 00:12:27,519 --> 00:12:30,310 advantage of other space flight experiments such as pass plus and spear 566 00:12:30,310 --> 00:12:30,320 experiments such as pass plus and spear 567 00:12:30,320 --> 00:12:32,790 experiments such as pass plus and spear 3 to gain confidence in the array's 568 00:12:32,790 --> 00:12:32,800 3 to gain confidence in the array's 569 00:12:32,800 --> 00:12:35,990 3 to gain confidence in the array's operation before it flies 570 00:12:35,990 --> 00:12:36,000 operation before it flies 571 00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:38,069 operation before it flies beginning in the mid 90s with the first 572 00:12:38,069 --> 00:12:38,079 beginning in the mid 90s with the first 573 00:12:38,079 --> 00:12:40,550 beginning in the mid 90s with the first element launch of one photovoltaic power 574 00:12:40,550 --> 00:12:40,560 element launch of one photovoltaic power 575 00:12:40,560 --> 00:12:42,150 element launch of one photovoltaic power module 576 00:12:42,150 --> 00:12:42,160 module 577 00:12:42,160 --> 00:12:43,670 module and continuing with the remaining 578 00:12:43,670 --> 00:12:43,680 and continuing with the remaining 579 00:12:43,680 --> 00:12:44,710 and continuing with the remaining elements 580 00:12:44,710 --> 00:12:44,720 elements 581 00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:46,069 elements space station freedom will be 582 00:12:46,069 --> 00:12:46,079 space station freedom will be 583 00:12:46,079 --> 00:12:48,310 space station freedom will be constructed in stages to yield a 584 00:12:48,310 --> 00:12:48,320 constructed in stages to yield a 585 00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:50,470 constructed in stages to yield a permanently manned configuration by the 586 00:12:50,470 --> 00:12:50,480 permanently manned configuration by the 587 00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:52,949 permanently manned configuration by the end of the decade 588 00:12:52,949 --> 00:12:52,959 end of the decade 589 00:12:52,959 --> 00:12:54,710 end of the decade the knowledge that we gain from our 590 00:12:54,710 --> 00:12:54,720 the knowledge that we gain from our 591 00:12:54,720 --> 00:12:56,710 the knowledge that we gain from our research in tank 5 will enable 592 00:12:56,710 --> 00:12:56,720 research in tank 5 will enable 593 00:12:56,720 --> 00:12:58,949 research in tank 5 will enable technology that will allow us to better 594 00:12:58,949 --> 00:12:58,959 technology that will allow us to better 595 00:12:58,959 --> 00:14:13,910 technology that will allow us to better exploit the day star's power 596 00:14:13,910 --> 00:14:13,920 597 00:14:13,920 --> 00:14:16,000 you